Photography wasn't considered an art medium for the most part in this era. It was considered a mechanical device for recording people's portraits and events. Two big events of this era was the proliferation of portrait studios, and the invention of Photojournalism.
One of the most famous portrait studios was opened by Nadar. A Frenchman who photographed the famous people of his day. You can read more about him here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)
To get his view of photography, you can go here: http://rae.com.pt/Nadar_photographer.pdf
Photojournalism began with war photography. Starting with Roger Fenton and others in Crimea, and popularized by Mathew Brady during the American Civil War.
You can learn more about this at these links.
https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/visualrhetoric/projects/individual-projects/the-crimean-war-by-roger-fenton/
http://time.com/3881577/crimea-where-war-photography-was-born/
https://kittyinthecity2010.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/war-photography-fenton-brady-gardner-and-capa/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koLnFvPaya0&list=PLgzoe3GT4Th2KclXeMPbTQ4FEdVWLGorS&index=2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSILLYhYdTY&index=3&list=PLgzoe3GT4Th2KclXeMPbTQ4FEdVWLGorS
For a much longer documentary about Alexander Gardner, check the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hr_EoeDFv0
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